大宋官窑瓷的艺术特色

中国制瓷史上的官、民窑是封建等级制度的生动反映。官窑器泛指官办窑厂专为皇室烧制的御用瓷器。和民窑器相比，官窑器在工艺上精益求精，不惜成本，多为传世珍品，量少而质高，反映了当时的制瓷最高水准。宋词在装饰上追求自然本色，反对人为藻饰，象山水画中霞不重以丹青，云不重以彩绘，恐失其岚光野色，自然之气也，因此，宋官窑瓷以其淡雅清秀、自然大气、含蓄凝重，而千古留传。民窑器属于自给自足性生产，质量参差不齐，偶有珍品。宋官窑瓷由于上层社会对它表现出一种特别持久不衰的迷恋与偏爱，无论在制瓷工艺和艺术诸方面，直到现在仍保持着世界领先的地位，所以历代制瓷工匠都以宋瓷为楷模。

The classification of imperial kiln and folk kiln in the porcelain manufacture history of China is a vivid presentation of the feudal hierarchical system. Imperial kiln wares generally refer to the imperial porcelains dedicated to the royal family. Compared with folk porcelain wares, the imperial wares were technologically excelsior, regardless of the cost, and most of them are treasures with a high quality but a low quantity, which has reflected the highest level of porcelain manufacture at that time. The Song porcelain advocates a natural quality on the decoration and objects the artificial embellishment, just like the description of “no emphasis will be given to painting for the haze or to the colored drawing for the clouds due to the concern of losing the natural color and quality of the haze and rays”; therefore, the imperial porcelains of Song Dynasty are bequeathed from ancient times with its simpleness, elegance, natural quality and magnificence, connotation and profoundness. The folk porcelains were manufactured in order to meet the demands, with inconsistent quality, so the treasure is rarely found; while the imperial porcelain has been able to keep its leading place up till now both regarding the production technology and artistic appreciation, because of the standing infatuation and favor from the upper classes of the society. So the porcelain-making workmen in the following dynasties took Song porcelains as their model.

宋代官窑瓷文化在中国文明史上有着辉煌的一页，凝聚在宋瓷上的文化艺术更是空前绝后的。

The imperial porcelain culture is one of the shiny pages of the Chinese civilization history, and the culture and arts agglomerated in Song porcelains are unprecedented and unrepeatable.

以宋官窑瓷代表典型的御用瓷，其釉色平淡含蓄，素雅之中表现着内心的意蕴。从美学角度看，它的艺术格调是高雅的，特别受到西方人的倾赖。细密的冰片，隐约间闪烁着钻石的光芒，仿佛是宋代艺人无意间冰镐敲击的严冰穿过时空来到了我们面前、温润而细腻。

The imperial porcelains of Song Dynasty, represented for the typical royal porcelains, have plain and implicative glaze, embodying the innermost meaning. Seen from the aesthetic perspective, its artistic pattern is exquisite, especially favored by the westerners. The glorious rays of the diamond loom through the dense and fine ice-like porcelains as if the glacial ice, unconsciously knocked off by the ice axe of the craftsmen of Song Dynasty, comes to us, cozy and exquisite.

西方人与宋人的审美观也有一定相近之处。中国古人喜欢“行不露足，笑不露齿、“犹抱琵琶半遮面的幽雅含蓄之美。西方人则喜欢可口可乐、葡萄酒、威士忌喝到嘴里的口感，当打嗝的时候依然酒香醇厚，有一种特别的回味感。宋官窑瓷器就完全具备了这种含蓄有回味的艺术情趣，看完总想说点什么，但又不好讲不出来只能体会，这就是宋代神秘制瓷文明的一大进步。

The aesthetic views of westerners and people of Song Dynasty were similar to a certain extent. The ancient people of China appreciate a kind of elegant and implicative beauty described as “To walk without exposing the feet and to laugh without showing the teeth” and “A half-face-hidden woman holding a lute”. While the western people prefer to the feeling of drinking Coca Cola, wine or whiskey and a full-bodied wine fragrance is still kept when belching, with a special aftertaste. The imperial porcelains of Song Dynasty completely possesses such an artistic feeling, an intent to say something, but only kept as a taste due to the difficulty of expression. This is a great movement of the mysterious porcelain manufacture civilization of Song Dynasty.

大宋官窑瓷具有“温润如玉、“凝脂质感，宋窑乳浊的光泽，可说介于丝绸光泽与“羊脂般的美玉质感之间，奇妙处不可言传。宋代官窑瓷当用10倍放大镜观看汽泡，气泡对光线形成一定的散射，观看时有一种很强的玉质感。这就是“历代制瓷工匠与古玩藏家们欲看不透，有一种朦胧的乳浊感觉，象一团雾水。这与历代的瓷釉完全相反现象不知为何？正是这种丝绸光泽与“羊脂般的美玉质感。

The imperial porcelain of Song Dynasty bears a quality of “jade-like warmness and smoothness” and “bitty cream”. The milky glory of Song porcelains is one intervened between the silk luster and suet-like jade quality, and its singularity is inexpressible. When observing the air bubbles on the imperial porcelains with a magnifier 10x, the air bubbles will cause a radiation to the rays of light, thus generating a strong feeling of jade-like quality. That is why the porcelain-making craftsmen and curio collectors in various dynasties got a feeling of being difficult to see through the porcelain, but generating an indistinct milky appearance, just like misty water. This is completely contrary to the porcelain glaze in various dynasties, but we don’t know the reason; however, its beauty just lies on this sort of silky and suet-like jade quality.

宋代官窑瓷造型简洁雅致、干净利落，有一种特别古朴的年代感。仿佛一出窑就经历了千年的风雨，历史的沧桑。与清亮的明、清两代瓷器形成鲜明的对比，独束一帆。再由宋官窑瓷的制作工艺是一种“令类制造，作为上天赐予的“灵物一般不参与随葬，所以历代没有出土的记录。宋官窑瓷器在工艺上精益求精，在经济上不惜工本，采用优质原料进行生产。这一点从宫中传世官窑瓷器及各官窑遗址出土物可得以证实。官窑属于非商品生产性质，生产规模不大，根据宫中需要，时烧时停。

The style of the imperial porcelains of Song Dynasty is simple and exquisite, clean and spiffy, with a specially unsophisticated oddness as if the porcelains have undergone historical changes for thousands of years immediately upon its delivery from the kiln. Compared with the clean and bright style of porcelains in Ming and Qing Dynasty, the Song porcelains are obviously distinct to form a unique style. The manufacturing technology of Song porcelains is larruping, and generally, they were not used as funerary objects due to being a “materials have been used, which can be testified through the imperial porcelains passed down from the palace and those excavated from the relics of imperial kilns. The imperial kilns were used for non-commercial production at a small scale, and its operation was started or ended time and again depending on the demands from the palace.

宋瓷是最精美艺术与精确工艺完美的结合。宋瓷则是神韵文明与大众文化巧妙的融合与统一。因为各地名窑瓷器大量地生产，不仅供皇家贵族使用，还为官员学者们、及市民阶级所珍爱、使用，所以让所有见着的人都赞叹不已。宋朝的瓷器是如此的精美，可以说宋朝遗留下的官办瓷器几乎都价值连城。

The Song porcelain is a combination of the most exquisite arts and precise technology, and also the integration and unification of the charming civilization and the popular culture. Due to the massive production of porcelain wares from various famous kilns, the porcelains could not only be used for the royal family and aristocrats, but also provide a treasure and application for the officials, scholars and civilians, so everyone who saw it appreciated its beauty. The Song porcelains are so exquisite that we can say that almost all porcelains made by the imperial kilns of Song Dynasty are invaluable.

宋官窑瓷最为进步，在质料、颜色、装饰做工等方面均有神奇的造诣，在我国瓷业史上可谓登封造极。千百年以来人们均以宋瓷为楷模，元、明、清各代帝王的也都极力模仿，直到现代对宋代官窑瓷的研究从未间断，试图沿着祖先的思绪走进他们，感悟祖先文明智慧的结晶，揭开宋官窑瓷的神秘面纱。

The imperial porcelains of Song Dynasty are the most advanced in China, which are mysterious with a view to the quality, color and decoration etc., reaching the peak of perfection in the porcelain making history of China. In hundreds of years, people regarded Song porcelains as the model, and the emperors of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties all imitated Song porcelains to their utmost. Up till now, people have never interrupted their research on the imperial porcelains of Song Dynasty and tried to approach our ancestors by following their thoughts to touch the offspring of the ancient civilization and wisdom and remove the mysterious veil of the imperial porcelains of Song Dynasty.

官窑源于民窑，而又高于民窑，后于民窑，而又从随于宫庭的命运，但美的东西，决不会随着一代皇室的破落而烟硝云散，而经过时光的洗礼会更加光彩照人。

The imperial kiln is originated from folk kilns, but the former is superior and comes later than the latter, and follows the fate of the palace. However, all beautiful things will never varnish with the declination of the royal family, but become more shining after undergoing the ablution of times.